Peritoneal dialysis dose can be prescribed empirically and is based on the amount of residual renal function, a patient\u2019s weight and lifestyle constraints.<\/p>\n
The PD prescription should account for residual renal function (RRF). The 2006 KDOQI Updates state that the recommended dialysis dose incorporates the total renal and peritoneal contribution to solute clearance in terms of Kt\/Vurea<\/sub>, with a recommended minimum weekly delivered dose of at least 1.7\u00a0 The recommendations to include RRF are based on a number of studies in PD patients that have demonstrated that RRF independently predicts survival (2\u20136). In the Netherlands Cooperative Study on the Adequacy of Dialysis (NECOSAD), each 1-unit increase in renal Kt\/Vurea<\/sub> produced a 66% decrease in the relative risk of death (5). In patients with preserved RRF, increasing the dialysis dose did not result in any significant improvement in patient outcome. This study also demonstrated that the presence of RRF had an impact on quality of life in PD patients, and was associated with improved physical functioning. Kidney disease symptoms and sleep disorders were also diminished.<\/p>\n In patients who\u2019s RRF does not allow them to achieve the weekly Kt\/Vurea<\/sub> target, it is necessary to increase the peritoneal clearance of urea such that the total clearance (peritoneal plus renal) meets or surpasses a minimum total weekly Kt\/Vurea<\/sub> of 1.7. As indicated above, the required peritoneal dose (Kp<\/sub>t\/Vurea<\/sub>)depends on the RRF and hence renal clearance (Kr<\/sub>t\/Vurea<\/sub>).\u00a0 The principal methods to increase Kp<\/sub>t\/Vurea<\/sub> in these patients include increasing dwell volumes or increasing frequency of exchanges(6).Although both strategies are similarly effective in increasing Kp<\/sub>t\/Vurea<\/sub>, increasing the frequency of exchanges may enhance ultrafiltration to a greater degree. However, increasing the dwell volume is generally preferred unless there are mechanical contraindications. In addition, since adherence to CAPD prescriptions with five daily exchanges is poor, this strategy may be associated with worse quality of life and be more costly. Thus, when more exchanges are needed for increased ultrafiltration, APD is warranted.<\/p>\n Body mass is associated with increased generation of creatinine and urea, and by definition affects normalized clearances. Increasing values of body volume (V) with concomitant decreases in the Kr<\/sub>t\/V and Kp<\/sub>t\/V values will require greater peritoneal clearances.<\/p>\n Estimating Total Body Water and Body Surface Area<\/strong> Watson method*:<\/strong> Hume method*:<\/strong> *Volume in liters, Age in years, Height in centimeters, weight in kilograms.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n Body surface area, BSA, values might be needed for calculating clearances (L\/wk\/1.73 m2<\/sup> of BSA) or RRF clearances (mL\/min\/1.73 m2<\/sup> of BSA) and should be estimated using the DuBois and DuBois method (9), the Gehan and George method (10), or the Haycock method (11)using actual body weight.<\/p>\n For all formulae below, BSA is in square meters (m2<\/sup>), weight is in kilograms, and height is in centimeters.<\/p>\n DuBois and DuBois method:\u00a0BSA<\/em>=0.007184 x Weight<\/em>0.425<\/sup> x Height<\/em>0.725<\/sup> Unfortunately, the relationship between the calculations for V and BSA is not linear (12). When BSA increases linearly as obesity develops, V increases exponentially. There are gender differences in these relationships as well (13). For the same height and BSA, males have a larger V than females.<\/p>\n Example<\/strong> The peritoneal dialysis modality impacts adherence and quality of life, which are important considerations in writing a PD prescription. Psycho-social indications such as work, school, social conflicts, the need for a caregiver, and the inability to tolerate large ambulatory volumes should be taken into account prior to initiating PD. Whatever the choice, the patient\u2019s preferences should be a major determinant of the strategy to be undertaken. If patients have concerns about tolerating increased dwell volumes in either CAPD or APD, consideration should be given to increasing nighttime dwell volumes initially since increases in intraperitoneal pressure (IPP) are less for a given dwell volume in the supine or recumbent position compared with either sitting or standing.<\/p>\n One of the predominant determinants of small solute clearance is peritoneal transport. Higher peritoneal transport leads to higher clearances, all other prescription factors being the same. However, peritoneal glucose absorption is also increased and consequently, the osmotic gradient diminishes resulting in reduced ultrafiltration in high transport states. Various studies suggest that high peritoneal transport states are associated with a higher risk of death than low and low average transport. See the Peritoneal Transport article for more.<\/p>\n P\/N 102491-01 Rev. A 07-2015<\/p>\nBody volume or surface area<\/h4>\n
\nV (total body water) can be estimated by either the Watson (7) or Hume (8){C}{C}{C}{C} method in adults using actual body weight (Wt).<\/p>\n
\nFor Men:\u00a0V<\/em>=2.447-(0.09516 x Age<\/em>)+(0.1074 x Height<\/em>)+(0.3362 x Weight<\/em>)
\n{C}{C}{C}{C}
\nFor Women*:\u00a0V<\/em>=-2.097+(0.1069 x Height<\/em>)+(0.2466 x Weight<\/em>)<\/p>\n
\nFor Men:\u00a0V<\/em>= -14.012934+(0.296785 x Weight<\/em>)+(0.194786 x Height<\/em>)
\nFor Women:\u00a0V<\/em>= -35.270121+(0.183809 x Weight<\/em>)+(0.344547 x Height<\/em>)<\/p>\n
\nGehan and George method:\u00a0BSA<\/em>=0.0235 x Weight<\/em>0.51456<\/sup> x Height<\/em>0.42246<\/sup>
\nHaycock method:\u00a0BSA<\/em>=0.024265 x Weight<\/em>0.5378<\/sup> x Height<\/em>0.3964<\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\nIf the Kr<\/sub>t\/Vurea<\/sub> is 1.5 per week, then according to the KDOQI recommendation of a total weekly Kt\/Vurea<\/sub> of 1.7, only 0.2 Kp<\/sub>t\/Vurea<\/sub> is needed per week. Assuming complete urea equilibration (serum to dialysate) at 6 hours, a single 2-L overnight exchange would contribute 14 L per week. If V is 40 L, this contributes a Kp<\/sub>t\/Vurea<\/sub> of 14\/40 or 0.35 per week. Any ultrafiltrate would add further to total solute removal. That, plus the Kr<\/sub>t\/Vurea<\/sub> of 1.5, brings the Kpr<\/sub>t\/Vurea<\/sub> to at least 1.85 satisfying the target requirement.<\/p>\nLifestyle constraints<\/h4>\n
Peritoneal transport<\/h4>\n
References<\/h4>\n
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